Water and Wastewater Blog

Housing Bust May Boost Return to Tap Water

Tap water advocates may find a silver lining in today's economic clouds. The casualties of housing's busted bubble could spread beyond Wall Street to take the last of the sparkle out of the bottled water boom.

Tap water advocates have offered any number of good reasons to kick the bottled water habit. But as long as consumers felt they had the money to spare, they didn't seem to worry much about paying a thousand times more for the bottled stuff.

Since I first wrote about the decline of tap water's brand in 2006, we've seen more municipalities and organizations working to rehabilitate tap water in the public mind. The Dayton, Ohio Water Department launched a "Take Back the Tap" campaign at a city-wide "Live Green Fest" on August 24, which included handing out free re-usable water bottles to the first 1,000 visitors to the Dayton Water Exhibit.

A 20-page report (PDF) by the consumer group Food & Water Watch, titled "Take Back the Tap," is available for download. The same organization recently sponsored a $1500 video contest in which students were asked to produce a convincing story about why college campuses should kick the bottled water habit. 128 contestants posted their entries on YouTube. You can also see the top 10 finalists and the winner posted on YouTube.

Perhaps economics will prompt Americans to look again at bottled water as an occasional indulgence, rather than a total replacement for tap water. They might also reconsider all the other good reasons for taking the tap over the bottle.

It's safe
People are finally starting to realize tap water's safe; some say safer than bottled. It's been widely reported that the government requires more rigorous and frequent safety testing and monitoring of municipal drinking water than it does of bottled water.

It's incredibly convenient
Tap water is readily available throughout the United States. It requires no special equipment for the end user, and you don't have to carry it with you because it's available in nearly every public place.

It's the environmentally correct thing to do
Bottled water leaves a significant carbon footprint, from the production of the bottles to the long distribution chain to move all those bottles across the nation and even around the world. Then there's the whole bottle disposal issue, whether it goes to recycling or a landfill.

It tastes good
Most areas have good-tasting water. As much as 40 percent of all bottled is simply "purified" tap water; so where's the taste advantage there? Some communities take great pride in the quality of their water.

As I wrote in "You Can Buy 40 Different Brands of Bottled Water at the Water Works Restaurant," it's possible to spend $50 for a bottle of water at Philadelphia's Water Works Restaurant. Here is a water works that was once one of the world's great tourist destinations, in a city where to this day people praise the "delicious tap water." After this week's market fall, perhaps we'll see a few more Philadelphians choosing their city's delicious tap water over the conspicuous consumption of stylish bottles.

Don Dunnington
Moderator

Cost-efficient and effective communications tactics have never been more critical

As governor Schwarzenegger proclaims a statewide drought, educating ratepayers about conservation is more important than ever. But the era of belt-tightening that now permeates our economy simultaneously has many water districts reassessing their budgets. The good news is that there are ways smart districts can stretch their communications dollars to effectively educate the public and change customer behavior.

How can it be done? Below are a few quick thoughts on how to cost-effectively build trust with customers through effective communications.

1. Take Credit for Your Actions: Your district is probably already doing a host of great things, so make sure you’re getting the credit you deserve. Remember to take pictures and promote the laudable efforts of your district through outlets such as customer newsletters, the media and e-blasts.

2. Explore Communications Options: Organizations like the Water Education Foundation can provide semi-custom collateral pieces to help districts communicate the macro-level messages, like conservation. These pieces often cost just a few pennies a piece! (Watch for WaterWords, Laer Pearce & Associates’ new on-line store for semi-custom collateral pieces, which we’ll be launching soon!)

3. Re-Think The Fundamentals. Challenge every communications expense and tool. Is it the best use of funds? Is there a better way to do it? We recently found a way to cut mailing costs in half for one of our client’s mailings by simply re-sizing the piece.

4. Bolster E-Communications: We live in an increasingly electronic world, and printing and postage fees often can be up to 50 percent of a brochure or newsletter’s cost, so shifting towards e-communications can be a real cost-saver.

5. Utilize Outside Resources: Whatever the size of your communications staff, outside agencies can help boost your district communications output without a long-term financial commitment.

Whether utilized for one-off projects or as a member of your day-to-day team, consultants like Laer Pearce & Associates can optimize your budget.

There’s no one “silver bullet” solution, but these ideas may help you build trust during these critical times while conserving your communications dollars.

Laer Pearce
Laer Pearce & Associates

Laer Pearce is president of Laer Pearce & Associates, one of Southern California’s premier public affairs firms, specializing in regulatory issues and community outreach for the water and land development industries.

For more information, please visit http://www.laer.com/

Droplet No. 12: A Sustainable Volumetric Cap - What might it look like?

Recognising the need to stop expansion of water use in the Murray Darling Basin, in 1994 Basin States agreed, as an interim measure, to a volumetric cap on surface water diversions. This cap was set at the volume of water that would have been diverted under 1993/94 levels assuming similar climatic and hydrologic conditions and using the infrastructure in place at that time. Although it had no basis in science, several years later, it was decided to agree to this limit.

In unregulated rivers with no storage capacity to dampen flow variability, States recognised that a volumetric limit on diversions might not achieve a sustainable outcome. Basin States agreed that “this cap may be expressed as an end of valley flow regime.”

Acting in the national interest, the main object of the Water Act 2007 is to optimise the allocation, use and management of the Murray Darling Basin water resources. CoAG has now agreed and Commonwealth legislation requires that a “Sustainable Cap” be set for each part of the Murray Darling Basin.

In regulated systems, recent experience has shown that a volumetric cap is not sufficient to ensure both river system health and community well being. Both outcomes need a regime that can cope with all climatic futures. This droplet asks how a “sustainable cap”, or, in effect, a sustainable allocation regime might be set in a regulated river system with lots of dams, weirs and locks. It addresses a question that is fundamental to the future of the Basin.

What would a sustainable water allocation regime look like? What principles need to be considered?

Focus on inflows

In a system that might be getting drier, a volumetric limit on the maximum amount of water that may be diverted in a wet year serves little purpose.

Under the current MDB Agreement, NSW and Victoria share inflows whilst South Australia is given access to guaranteed volume, when it can be supplied. Because of this guarantee, South Australian irrigators cannot carry forward unused water. As we showed in Droplet 6, when unused water cannot be carried forward and saved, too much water is used. Dams are depleted more quickly and, as a result, the impact of droughts is more severe than otherwise would be the case. This year, as an emergency measure, South Australian irrigators have been allowed to carry forward water. If water storage and use is to be optimised, SA irrigators should always be allowed to do this.

With a focus on inflows rather than diversions, all users are exposed to the nature of the risks they face. With access to an efficient water market and the capacity to determine how much water is left in storage, users have a much better capacity to cope with climatic variability, the emergence of long dry periods and adverse climate change.

Principle 1 When designing a sustainable water allocation regime, the focus should be on the development of inflow sharing rules and the role of the market in optimising storage (carry forward) rather than on setting a volumetric limit on diversions. Unless all States operate under the same rules, storage management and use will be sub-optimal.

Allocation priorities

With a focus on inflows, the next step is to work out the order in which allocations should be made. If one is to have a river, then the first priority is to put aside sufficient water to maintain system function and ensure that water can be delivered throughout the system. Where one or more systems are connected, sufficient water should also be put aside for transfers between systems. In our report on future-proofing the MDB, we call the water needed to meet all these requirements, maintenance water.

Principle 2 As the first allocation priority, any sustainable allocation regime should begin by setting aside sufficient water to enable conveyance and delivery throughout the system, to provide for intersystem transfers, to cover evaporative losses and to flush pollutants to the sea.

As the amount needed for river maintenance varies and, as this is a critical system wide need, decisions about the required volume of maintenance water needs to be taken centrally. Once this has been done, the remaining water that flows into the system, including that held in storage, can be allocated.

Giving the environment an entitlement

After providing maintenance water, it is the sharing rules that determine how the remaining non-flood water should be allocated between environmental and consumptive users. There are two ways to do this.

One way is to use catchment water sharing plans to determine how much water should be allocated to the environment. As the National Water Initiative recommends, the other way is to define the environment’s entitlement in exactly the same way as all other entitlements are defined.

Recent research commissioned by the National Water Commission has found that communities and many governments have great difficulty in preparing water-sharing plans that work in long dry periods. As result, a significant number of water sharing plans are currently in suspension! If the alternative, equivalent entitlement approach is taken, then the role of catchment water sharing plans can be more strategic and less rule-based.

One of the strengths of the National Water Initiative equivalent-entitlement approach is that consumptive users and the environment face the same risks and have the same opportunities to decide how much water to save, use or sell. Both have an equal degree of security. Neither can impose costs on the other.

Principle 3 Define environmental and consumptive entitlements in the same manner and place them under a regime that empowers all entitlement holders to manage their own supply risk.

Managing environmental water

If the environment is given an entitlement and defined differently from maintenance water, then we may need to rethink the need for a volumetric cap on diversions. Environmental managers are searching for ways to replicate the small to medium size floods that no longer occur. One of the simplest ways to do this is to hold water in storage and then release it quickly when river flow circumstances are advantageous. But, with a cap on diversions, this could result either in a breach of the cap; or impose a cost on irrigators by reducing the amount of water that irrigators may divert later in the season.

Once a significant proportion of the entitlements on issue are held in the environment’s interest, a volumetric cap could prove to be a barrier to the efficient realisation of environmental outcomes. A way to allow the environment to carry forward unused water allocations and arrange for minor floods without limiting irrigation opportunities will need to be found. Replacement of the current volumetric cap on diversions with a sharing regime that defines all entitlements in the same way solves this problem.

Accounting for all uses

As pointed out in Droplet 3, the viability of any water allocation regime is determined by its coverage and completeness in water accounting. Unfortunately, if there is an increase in the number of small farm dams, if the area under forestry increases, and as water use efficiency increases, the amount of water available for allocation decreases. When ground and surface water systems are connected, increases in groundwater use have the same adverse effect.

Unless all water supply affecting activities are included, no water allocation regime can be defined as sustainable. As is currently planned, it is critical that connected ground and surface water systems are managed as one system and all uses are fully accounted for – even if they are unmeterable.

Principle 4 Include all activities that affect water supply in the allocation regime. Meter the meterable and off-set the unmeterable.

Where to from here?

CoAG recently agreed to the development of a “Basin Plan, which will include a sustainable cap on surface and groundwater diversions across the Basin.” CoAG’s intention clearly is to try to fix MDB problems once and for all – to put a sustainable management regime in place.

CoAG will be meeting in early July to finalise an Inter-Government Agreement (IGA) that will further the journey towards development of a sustainable management regime for the MDB. It is also expected that the new MDB Authority will be established in the near future and be given a significant role in the implementation of the IGA and developing a new Basin Plan.

In view of the critical state of the River Murray System, we consider that the IGA should give maximum flexibility to those given the responsibility for developing the new plan. To this end, the concept of a sustainable cap should be interpreted widely and that the principles set out in this droplet given the fullest consideration. The allocation regime’s structure ideally should be finalised before development of plan detail. The challenge of moving from the current regime to one designed to cope with extreme climatic variation, the re-emergence of long dry periods and, worse still, a shift to a drier climate should not be underestimated.

Authors:
Mike Young, The University of Adelaide
and
Jim McColl, CSIRO Land and Water

Email comments to: droplets@adelaide.edu.au

Acknowledgements:

Comments made on earlier drafts by our Steering Committee, Alistair Watson, Mark Brindal, Leith Boully, Fiona McKenzie, Tony Read, Dick Thompson and several government officials are acknowledged with appreciation.

Increasing Public Awareness of Water-Related Climate Change Issues

Dan McCarthy, President and CEO of Black & Veatch’s global water business, today cited the need to increase public awareness of three key challenges surrounding the UK water industry’s response to climate change, including issues related to water scarcity, flooding and greenhouse gas emissions.

In a column issued today, McCarthy appealed to water industry leaders to work together with the public and all other relevant stakeholders to develop robust legislation, strategies, technologies and infrastructure for dealing with these climate change challenges.

The column “Climate Change and the UK Water Industry: Stepping up to the Challenge” is available at http://www.bv.com/downloads/Resources/Reports/WaterClimateChangeUK200806.pdf. (Due to its length, this URL may need to be copied/pasted into your Internet browser's address field. Remove the extra space if one exists.)

In the column, McCarthy points out that although the UK water industry emits less than one percent of the nation’s greenhouses gases, water companies are on the front line in terms of vulnerability to climate change because of the combination of flood and drought.

“To serve the public best, the water industry’s response to climate change will need to be flexible, imaginative and, above all, collaborative,” McCarthy said. “As one of the foremost global companies involved in developing and installing advanced water and wastewater treatment technologies, Black & Veatch can provide an objective perspective on these issues,” he added.

Dan McCarthy
Black & Veatch
http://www.bv.com/

'Last Taboo' Asks Us to Consider the Problems of Human Waste in Mega Cities

Book Review
"The Last Taboo: Opening the Door on the Global Sanitation Crisis"
By Maggie Black and Ben Fawcett
Published 2008 by Earthscan, UK and USA

Despite its subject matter (human waste), "The Last Taboo" is a surprisingly readable and interesting book, even for the lay person, and it challenges the currently fashionable focus among those who fund such projects on providing third world peoples with clean drinking water. The authors, Maggie Black and Ben Fawcett, seek to reframe the discussion toward fixing the underlying problem of human sanitation. The book was funded by UNESCO and offers an extended analysis of the connection between human fecal matter, water contamination and disease.

The authors suggest that while most of the developed world's attention is focused on the need for clean drinking water in the undeveloped world, the more basic problem of preventing contamination of drinkable water by human waste is largely ignored. The authors see this situation as an environmental and human health time bomb, especially in third world mega cities where official counts have climbed to over 10 million residents and millions more go uncounted. At least a billion people, one sixth of the world population, now live in and around these mega cities in dwellings that lack adequate sanitation. At the current rate of rural migrants leaving home to find work in these cities, "The moment is expected sometime in 2008, when humanity will become a mainly urban instead of a mainly rural species."

Making matters worse, the authors cite the strong tendency in developing countries to undercount the poorest urban dwellers. These undercounted folks are also underserved when it comes to sewage systems. They frequently occupy squatters' quarters or floating slums outside official city limits and outside any semblance of sewage disposal. In seeming contradiction to this urban squalor, the World Bank and other funding sources have been concentrating on rural areas in the third world with the apparent hope that they might thereby reverse migration to the cities. While appearing to address a great need, this rural focus leaves neighboring mega cities to continue to fill up with rural migrants and no sewage systems to serve them.

The authors offer an enlightening, even entertaining, history of human sanitation from Roman times to London's cholera epidemics and beyond. Until John Snow applied scientific methodology to determining how cholera spread in London in an 1854 epidemic, wild theories thrived. Miasma, or bad air, led the list of causes for much of Western history. Nobody considered human fecal matter to be a contaminate which caused disease. It was a terribly smelly problem, and especially bad in hot and overcrowded dwelling areas of cities.

By the 1850s and '60s, the unsanitary conditions in parts of London had become so bad that politics, if not smell, finally brought action to clean up the poorest areas of the city. It may have been more fear of revolution, now rampant in much of continental Europe, that prompted London to do something about delivering clean water and sewage disposal even in the poorest neighborhoods.

The most basic of human needs – sanitary living conditions, appropriately safe, private places for disposing of fecal matter and accessible running water – continue to be unavailable to much of the world's population.

In the last chapter, "Bringing on the New Sanitary Revolution," the authors address the question of if we build enough toilets for the urban poor, will they use them. The answer is a qualified yes: people tend to adopt cleaner living habits when they have the oprion to do so. The authors seem to hold great hope in particular for educational efforts where children, though their good example and social pressure, become the change agents for the entire community.

Bringing modern, affordable sanitation to millions of poor urban residents in Africa, Asia and Central and South America poses both a terrific problem and a wonderful opportunity for those who are able to supply the solutions. Although the problem areas are easy enough to find on a map, solutions can come from anywhere. This huge human sanitation problem presents us with an opportunity to improve health and productivity among a significant portion of the world's inhabitants.

The book is available on Amazon.com, click here for more information.

Don Dunnington
Moderator

Keeping the Great Lakes 'Not for Sale'

In "Great Lakes for Sale: From Whitecaps to Bottlecaps," Dave Dempsey makes a case for a regional effort to make sure these waters are not for sale to or controlled by interests outside the region. While a system holding 18 percent of the world's -- 95 percent of the US -- fresh surface water supply may never be pumped dry, Dempsey worries its water level could be tragically lowered by those who would export to thirsty neighbors, domestic and foreign.

Dempsey comes from Michigan, which he points out is surrounded by three of the Great Lakes. And he sees the lakes as one of the state's greatest treasures. "Michigan's economic future and its health rests on attracting people to live and work here rather than shipping the water to where people now are," Dempsey said in an interview with Dome, the University of Michigan's online magazine.

From Rustbelt to Sunbelt
Dempsey points to Sunbelt governors, including New Mexico's Governor Bill Richardson, as covetous of Great Lakes waters for their booming population and economic growth. He sees a zero sum game, where the Rustbelt's Great Lakes treasure is exported to the Sunbelt.

To his credit, Dempsey acknowledges that the Great Lakes watershed is continuously replenished, with the rare exception of a dry year. More critically, however, Dempsey only skims over the fact that the Great Lakes region, with its declining populations, continues to use more water than parched but growing Southwestern states. Those living in an area of abundant water have been far less inclined to conserve water, such as installing toilets that use less water.

A Threat by Bottle, Truck or Pipeline
Dempsey proclaims a passionate belief that Great Lakes waters should be kept in the region. He sees bottling, trucking or pipelining of the water to other states or countries as a violation of 200 hundred years of public trust.

He provides a detailed history of the complicated nature of Great Lakes conservation and economic forces. Sometimes conservationists set the agenda and other times corporate interests do so.

He cites a Nestle Corporation public relations campaign in support of bottling Great Lakes water as an illustration of how corporate interests can reframe the argument for selling Great Lakes water. Somehow what goes out in little Perrier-sized bottles seems less offensive to the public than running a giant aqueduct from Michigan to New Mexico.

Dempsey sees the North America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as a possible threat to his cherished lakes. Certain provisions could allow the Great Lakes to be considered a commodity in some foreign trade agreements.

According to Dempsey's analysis of legal and political efforts, private interests, whether foreign or national, pose a threat for Great Lakes conservation. So far, they have been unsuccessful but he worries about how long this will be the case.

For Political Junkies
For such a thin book (just 107 pages including end notes), Dempsey devotes an overabundance of space to local Michigan politics.

He joined Democrat Michigan Governor Blanchard's staff in 1983, and he shares the sort of detailed blow-by-blow account of political process that only a political junkie could follow. He also displays an obvious distrust of commerce and places great faith in the protective powers of government.

Is Water the Next Oil?
Dempsey cites a Bloomberg News item from July 3, 2006, which describes how T. Boone Pickens, the Texas hedge fund manager and oilman, spent $50 million for water rights around his 24,000 acre North Texas ranch. "He compared the demand for water to China's purchases of oil fields from Canada to Kazakhstan, saying, ‘I'd be the same about water.'"

So could Michigan and the rest of Great Lakes water basin become the Saudi Arabia of water? That would be Dempsey's worst nightmare.

The book is available on Amazon.com, click here for more information.

Don Dunnington

Live Action : Trade Show videos break new ground in industrial equipment news

Water and Wastewater Dot Com publisher Joe Taylor recently broke new ground for the industrial equipment industry with his “Live Video Interviews” from PTX South in Charlotte, NC.

Over two days, Taylor and his daughter Diana produced and posted 27 video interviews on the sister website Powder and Bulk Dot Com. This online video first almost took place last year right here on the popular video sharing site at Water and Wastewater Dot Com, but a nervous show manager stopped the camera at the last minute.

Joe Taylor reports he is working on getting clearances from the major water and wastewater shows. In the near future you’ll likely be seeing live show videos from events such as the WEFTEC show or the AWWA annual meeting, ACE08. In the meantime I thought you’d like this preview of what you can expect by taking a look at some of the best videos from PTX South. This is a dry materials handling industry show where you’ll find some of the same equipment makers that you're familiar with.

I think you'll find the handheld camerawork by Diana Taylor has an authentic indie film feel that is perfectly in tune with the growing online video medium. I found the best in-booth interviews involved a demonstration of some new piece of equipment. Even for those who attended the show, it’s worth the time to take a look at these unrehearsed live demos, with their up-close views and the opportunity to replay the action as many times as you want.

Following are a few brief samples of some of the videos Joe Taylor said he found of interest:

In an interview at the 3Sigma booth, Scott Dahlgren demonstrates 3Sigma’s GeoMate™ Dry Material Feeder. Dahlgren describes how the feeder has been optimized for batching applications with its “Pulseless” feed and “Instant Off” capabilities.

On a visit to the Young Industries booth, Joe Taylor interviews James Mothersbaugh , who demonstrates a cohesive powder feeder that uses air pressure. Young Industries provides solutions in pneumatic conveying, mixing, blending, size reduction, and air pollution control.

In his interview with Jack Paddock of Atlantic Coast Crushers (see lead photo), we learn that the company posts videos of their customer material tests on a private page on Yahoo! Taylor told me you can do the same on Powder and Bulk Dot Com. When you upload a video to this site, the default is for the video to be “public.” During your video upload, simply select the “private” button. You can then email the video page address to those with whom you want to share your private video.

Joe Taylor says Keith Simpson of Spiroflow was a bit reluctant to do a video, but Taylor thinks it turned out to be one of the best videos. Even Simpson had to admit it was a success. In an email to Taylor, Simpson wrote that he was surprised to find that he “wasn’t as frightening to watch” as he thought it would be.

You can find all 27 videos in the "Trade Shows and Events" channel in the Powder and Bulk Dot Com Video Center

Don Dunnington
Moderator

Colorado Water: 2007 in Review

The year 2007 left many water watchers breathless. There was activity all over the state. New storage, new plans for storage, riparian habitat success and additions to whitewater recreation. 2007 saw progress on solving Colorado's long term water outlook through the basin roundtable process and tough negotiations coupled with a view towards statewide cooperation. Changes in weather patterns and runoff worried many.

There are many potential demands on Colorado's remaining water, unbridled growth in some communities, agriculture, renewable energy, potential oil shale development, recreation, oil and gas and the water requirements traditional from coal fired generation. All are contributing to future shortage forecasts. For farmers along the South Platte River and Republican River more well shutdowns loomed while the San Luis Valley hoped to avoid involuntary shutdowns with engineering and cooperation. Coloradans started planning for a possible call on the Colorado River from the lower basin states. Douglas County started looking at collecting rainwater for sprinkling needs. We mourned the passing of Anthony Williams, W.D. Farr, Bob Hite and John D. Brown. Nolan Doesken won a 2007 Environmental Hero award from the NOAA for founding the Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow Network.

The Clean Water Act turned thirtyfive in 2007 with calls across the country to roll back recent decisions by the Bush administration regarding the act's enforcement and the realization that 25 percent of rivers and 43 percent of lakes still fail to meet water quality standards. Salinity levels however are declining across the Southwestern U.S. In March we celebrated World Water Day. A report from Colorado State University showed how the thousands of dams in the U.S. have had a detrimental effect on biodiversity, contributing to the ecological homogenization, of our waterways.

Commerce City opened their new Wetland Park. Water projects led to the first override of a President Bush veto in November after he decided that the Water Resources Development Act contained too much pork for his liking. In June state water watcher's eyes were on Southern Colorado when the House Water and Power subcommittee met in Pueblo. The meeting was a follow up a February meeting hosted by U.S Representative Grace Napolitano chair of the committee. CloudSAT celebrated it's first birthday and the 6 terabytes of data that has been sent back to earth for scientists to chew on. Glen Canyon Dam turned 50 with calls to decommission it.

Schools in Colorado continued their involvement in researching Colorado's water issues. The Colorado School of Mines set up AQWATEC to give their students research opportunities. CSU put their water resource archive online along with hosting a database on groundwater quality with the Colorado Department of Agriculture and the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment. In April Colorado College hosted their annual conference on the State of the Rockies.

In September Denver University released the findings of the DU Water Futures Panel. The panel was made up of movers and shakers from government and industry. The report included nine key proposals aimed at protecting the state's water resources: Embracing fairness, trust, respect and openness in water supply planning; Encouraging water conservation; Encouraging partnerships between urban and agricultural water users; Eradicating non-native phreatophytes (high water consuming plants, such as tamarisk and Russian Olive); Streamlining the Water Court; Encouraging statewide perspective on water storage and infrastructure projects; Facilitating cooperation between river basins; Planning for potential climate change and drought; Maintaining healthy rivers and in-stream flows. The panel maintains that Colorado will not meet its water needs in the coming decades without collaboration among groups that have historically fought.

A streamline of the state water courts is in the air. In addition to the DU Water Futures Panel Governor Ritter's South Platte River Task Force also recommend the change. Judge Maes, down in Pueblo, is opposed. Colorado Chief Justice Mary Mullarkey appointed a panel to review possible changes asking that they, "identify the issues most critical to the fairness and efficiency of the water court process and make recommendations."

The Interbasin Compact Committee launched a new website in September.

Snowpack early on was pretty good but evaporated for the second year in a row during a warm spring with runoff starting a month earlier that in the past. Reports from the West slope said that the snowmelt was disappearing, "faster than swag at the X games." Chris Treece from the Colorado River District summed up conditions as "crazy warm," echoing drought worries in the Grand Valley.

There was an unusual east-west distribution of snowfall through the winter with the Eastern slope getting most of the storms. The warm and dry spring led to drought conditions in Northeast Colorado in July. Mayor Hickelooper and Mayor Ed Tauer wisely kept up the push for conservation despite record snowfall and reservoir levels . In April the South Platte was a "free river" for a while. In June the Blue River was also declared "free" with stream flow the best in 10 years.

Once again the North American Monsoon bailed out streams and reservoirs. Some scientists maintain the climate change is effecting the monsoon making things wetter across the Southwest in late summer. Others see the possibility that drought will become the norm.

Memories of the recent drought and the continued draw down of the Denver Basin Aquifer System nudged some El Paso water providers to create the Pikes Peak Regional Water Authority. They're looking at solutions, including water from the Arkansas River via Colorado Springs' Southern Delivery System or contracting for water from the proposed Super Ditch, a project designed to fallow irrigated farmland on a rotational basis to prevent the permanent dry up of farms in the valley. Another potential source could be the Stonewall Springs project which includes the Phantom Canyon Project. The promoters are looking to store water and generate electricity.

At the end of the water year reservoir levels across Colorado were sitting at about average but snowpack was low across the state after a dry November. It looked like Colorado was setting up for a typical dry La Niña winter. Forecasters expected the event to last into 2008. There was a big turnaround in December with good snowfall with high moisture content across Colorado. It turned out to be a pretty good water year in the San Luis Valley.

There were three centennial celebrations of note in 2007. The ditch company that brought North Sterling Reservoir into being turned 100 this year. The Greeley Water District celebrated the 100th anniversary of their water works with reservoir tours and other activities, including the "Colorado Water, Liguid Gold," exhibit. The San Luis Valley celebrated 100 Years of San Luis Valley Reservoirs. Events included a daily symposium at Adams State College. Speakers related the history of irrigation in the Valley while also elaborating on the challenges the lie ahead.

Cutthroat recovery in Trappers Lake and Hermosa Creek made the news. A new fish friendly diversion structure was placed on the Gunnison River while construction started on a diversion for the Colorado Pike Minnow at the Price-Stubb Dam on the Colorado River. Turquoise Lake got trout from the Leaville hatchery after the hatchery was declared free of whirling disease. Cheesman Reservoir opened for fishing for the first time since the Hayman Fire in 2002. Antero Reservoir, a victim of drought re-opened on July 17th. Officials finished a habitat enhancement project at the Coller State Wildlife Area.

Demands on wastewater treatment and water facilities caused many local organizations to raise rates, upgrade and build new facilities. Estimates are as high as $2.3 billion for infrastructure needs in the state. Aurora continued building Prairie Waters stirring up residents with hikes in water rates to cover costs. Reuse was in the news as Colorado Springs brought their J.D. Phillips Water Reclamation Facility online and the first timid steps towards using gray water took hold up in Boulder County. Western Resource Advocates issued a report about municipal water consumption along the Front Range.

Reclamation welcomed a new area manager, Mike Collins. He gets to deal with the Aurora Long-Term Contract lawsuit along with another lawsuit filed by the Northern Colorado Water Conservancy District over payments for municipal deliveries.

Water was on the ballot in 2007. Eastern Fremont County voted to be included in the Upper Arkansas Valley Water Conservancy District. At the end of the year the vote was being challenged in court. Up in Aspen the ballot issues were about hydroelectric power and funding stormwater improvements.

Read the rest of this post on Coyote Gulch.

Arsenic Mitigation in India

In rural West Bengal, India, life is tenuous for millions of people. Desperate poverty, hunger, and disease are a daily reality. To make matters worse, their water is killing them. With every drink of water and every meal they eat, hundreds of thousands of people are being slowly poisoned by the very water they need to survive.

Residents in eight of this region’s 19 districts are drinking and cooking with groundwater contaminated with naturally occurring, highly toxic arsenic. Tasteless and colorless, the arsenic has slowly seeped into their water sources and then into their bodies. The result: chronic arsenic poisoning of hundreds of thousands of West Bengalis, with many more at risk.

Thankfully, village-by-village, simple, locally developed solutions are making a change for the better. These solutions are providing much more than safe water. They are empowering communities and contributing to local economies by creating new business and job opportunities.

Where did the arsenic come from?

Arsenic is a naturally occurring semi-metallic compound found in groundwater around the world—including those in Bangladesh, Taiwan, Japan, Mexico, parts of the United States and India. Some argue that the increasing occurrence of arsenic in groundwater might be the result of the rapid and significant drawdown of aquifers as we struggle to meet our water demands.

While arsenic may be tasteless and odorless, the human impact is deadly evident. Early indications appear in the form of dark spots on the chest, back, limbs and gums; then in the more advanced stages, wart-like skin eruptions on the hands, feet, and torso. Continuing exposure can result in enlargement of the liver, kidneys, and spleen, developing into malignant tumors and even disorders of the gastrointestinal, circulatory, and nervous systems.

The arsenic problem hasn’t always been present in West Bengal. It is actually the result of efforts to solve microbiological contamination of surface water during the 1970s and 1980s when tube wells were installed throughout the region. The switch to groundwater came with a deadly price and awareness of the issue was slow to come. Because of the extreme poverty of the region, affected people often hesitated to seek medical care. By then, the damage was done. It was in the late 1980s that scientists began to find evidence of arsenic contamination in the groundwater, and by the 1990s the extent of the health impact became widely known.

Partnering for simple, locally developed sustainable solutions

Water For People began working in India in 1996. Its initial effort was a small pilot program designed to help eliminate the health threats of arsenic in rural village water supplies. Soon Water For People partnered with Bengal Engineering & Science University to develop a local, sustainable solution.

After pursuing a number of options, the university developed a simple arsenic-removal filter for use at community wellheads, incorporating activated alumina.

The wellhead unit consists of a 12-inch diameter, seven-foot, two-inch-tall stainless steel column. Water flows through a 51-inch layer of activated alumina and then through an eight-inch layer of gravel. Every eight to 12 months the filter media is regenerated and the waste safely contained. One wellhead unit can serve up to 300 families and is expected to last for 10 to 15 years, with little maintenance required.

The filter incorporates a simple, highly effective technology, is locally manufactured, easy to operate (no electricity required), easy to maintain, and relatively inexpensive—approximately $2,000 for each wellhead unit. Most important, the technology is sustainable, offering effective protection for years to come.

Working with the local villages, water committees were formed to help implement the installations and encourage ongoing local input and control. To date, Water For People has helped finance the installation of 110 of these units providing safe, arsenic-free water for more than 33,000 people in multiple villages across West Bengal.

Healthy results

In villages where wellhead units have been installed, the incidence of arsenic poisoning has dropped dramatically. People are reporting living healthier and more productive lives.

The difference according to one woman indicates a variety of positive changes. “I used to have indigestion and chronic dysentery. Now all these problems are gone, and I have an appetite. I used to spend 150 rupees (US$3.43) each month on medicine, and now I save this money.”

Sustainable solutions that provide safe water and economic opportunity.

Dipak Das churns the pedals of his three-wheeled bike earnestly, eyes straight ahead. He’s focused on safely navigating the endless maze of bumps, holes, oncoming traffic, pedestrians, and blowing dust. Immediately behind him packed tightly on the flat platform that’s wedged between the two rear wheels rest 20-or-so jiggling jugs of his most precious cargo—safe, filtered arsenic-free drinking water from the wellhead.

Dipak delivers filtered water to 45 families that depend on the arsenic-free water he delivers. The 2,800 rupees (US $70) he earns each month is a good living by Indian standards. Before, he ran a roadside tea shop, worked longer hours and made less money. Now, his deliveries require only four hours a day giving him time to pursue other business opportunities.

For Nirmal De and his family, their sole source of income is work that is related to the arsenic filter in Daharthuba Village, where they live. He used to work in a plastic toy factory that has since closed. He started out by delivering water to three families. Now that has grown to 50. On every delivery he attempts to sell the service to other families along his route.

Sumitra, his wife, is the paid caretaker for the filter. She spends four hours every morning and three hours every evening operating the pump. She must periodically backwash the filter to ensure its effectiveness. She also keeps the platform clean throughout the day. The pump station has become the center of the community and even has a television to entertain women as they wait. Sumitra tries to make sure that women don’t get too absorbed in their television viewing and lose their place in line. Their older son, Sudip, also helps out at the filtration station and with deliveries.

Besides the water delivery, a variety of other business enterprises often emerge around the arsenic filters. There are vendors who sell jerry cans for carrying the water. Others sell food and snacks at the wellhead. And at every station, an individual—like Sumitra—earns a salary to collect and record water payments from villagers.

Day-by-day, village-by-village

Water For People makes it a point to support our partners in West Bengal, who in turn work closely with communities. The goal is to obtain commitment to each project from community members, enabling them to take ownership of its long-term operation. In 2006, Water for People opened an office in Kolkata with a full-time country coordinator, Rajashi Mukherjee, to facilitate the work in the region.

In the second most populous country in the world, Water For People is committed to help meet the most basic water and sanitation needs of thousands of India’s poorest. By partnering with local government entities, nongovernmental organizations, the local private sector and others, success will come, day-by-day, village-by-village.

by David Stevenson

About Water For People

Founded in 1991, Water For People is a Denver-based private, nonprofit international development organization that supports safe drinking water and sanitation projects in developing countries. Water For People partners with communities and other nongovernmental organizations to help people improve their quality of life by supporting sustainable drinking water, sanitation, and health and hygiene projects.

More information is available at http://www.waterforpeople.org/

Water Sustainability: A Looming Global Challenge

The future of water is anything but clear. We face a future world fraught with water challenges – too much, too little, too contaminated or inaccessible to meet our needs.

We live in a rapidly changing world in which many of our expectations about natural resources may no longer be met. The seeming abundance of safe, low-cost water may falsely lead us to assume perpetual easy access to all the low-cost, high-quality water we want, when we want it.

The water industry today must examine these assumptions. Although water covers 70 percent of our planet’s surface, less than one-half percent is freshwater available for our use. Most of our planet’s water is in oceans and too salty for many uses. Much of the remainder is locked in frozen glaciers, is remote from population centers or circulating in our atmosphere. So this seemingly abundant resource is actually quite constrained.

What’s changing?

Three factors are having an impact on our freshwater resources:

Population growth – The world’s population is 6.6 billion and growing. As a result, humans are demanding more of the earth’s resources to sustain life and economic activity. Science and engineering have been developing and implementing technologies to alleviate some of this burden. However, there is a limit beyond which little can be done. It appears probable that we are nearing this limit.

Economic growth – Economic growth in water scarce regions increases water demand. Last year the planet’s urban population exceeded the rural population for the first time in history. Fifty percent of the world’s population resides in metropolitan areas, increasing demands on water systems.

Climate change – Planning and design criteria based on historic records may no longer be applicable in a world where water resources are heavily impacted by drought, flooding and/or an increase in mean sea level. As a result, facilities may be found to be at significant risk in the face of rapid climate change.

Then and now

Previous generations had the luxury of the earth’s excess natural “bio-capacity.” The capacity of the natural systems and cycles that renew our “wastes” and enable the conditions to support our human and ecological environments was far greater than the demands of the world’s population.

Currently, however, the growing demand for earth’s natural resources, like water, is creating an imbalance between the earth’s bio-capacity and its inhabitants’ desired standard of living.

The good news is that we never destroy water. The earth’s water supplies are fixed: what we had yesterday is the same as what we’ll have tomorrow. Though many of the resources needed for economic development are being depleted, water – at least in terms of quantity – is a constant.

The problem is the location, timing and distribution of rainfall. Our industry’s challenge is to help communities ensure that water is always where we need it, when we need it, which is not necessarily where it falls to the earth as rain.

Water, water everywhere, but…

Competition for available water is increasing because water is not distributed evenly over the globe. Nine countries possess 60 percent of the world’s available fresh water: Brazil, Russia, China, Canada, Indonesia, the United States, India, Columbia and the Democratic Republic of Congo. However, local variations of population distribution and freshwater supply are highly significant. Many communities, once water-rich, are facing a new challenge as water supply and demand are now imbalanced.

In most European cities with more than 100,000 people, groundwater is being used at a faster rate than it can be replenished. Available water costs more and more to capture or draw from aquifers. Large cities like Mexico City, Bangkok, Manila, Beijing, Madras and Shanghai have experienced significant aquifer drops of between 10 to 50 meters.

Other water scarcity examples include the Yangtze River Basin in China; Australia, now in its 10th year of a record drought; the Colorado River basin, also in the midst of a long-term drought of historic proportions; and parts of the Southeast United States, especially northern Georgia.

Droughts or increased flooding may not be the only unfortunate consequence of changing rainfall patterns. These changes may also result in storm sewers and drainage systems that are inadequate to handle current and future needs because they were built on past assumptions that may now be invalid.

Preparing for an uncertain future

We are moving from what has been viewed as a time of certainty within our industry to a time of great uncertainty; we’re being driven by the forces of change in our climate – and in the water business.

The challenge for key global water industry players, like Black & Veatch, and for our clients around the globe is to develop and implement sustainable solutions that will better manage the entire water cycle and help their customers and communities prepare for an uncertain future.

These solutions will focus on how best to protect water at its source, treat it to the highest standards, deliver it to homes and businesses, and then collect and again treat the wastewater before reintroducing it safely back into the environment. We also seek methods of sourcing “new water” through reuse, aquifer storage and recovery or desalination of water, for example.

Political leaders at all levels and the general public want to know what their utility leaders are doing to prepare for these challenges. They realize that water suppliers, regulators and customers can’t simply discuss or debate the future as it arrives; they must plan and take action today to minimize uncertainty and risk. All stakeholders must work together to craft robust long-term strategies and implement cost-effective solutions for mitigating and, if necessary, adapting to the potential impacts of climate change.

Taking the long view

The water industry must focus on the long view when facing the challenges of rapid population and economic growth, along with supply deficiencies or wet weather problems. And added to those trends are other pressing issues, like aging water infrastructure, degradation of water quality, changes in water rights and tightening regulations.

That’s why Black & Veatch and other leaders in the global water industry are working to develop innovative solutions to address climate change, water scarcity and sustainability planning. We are seeking triple-bottom-line solutions that meet our clients’ social, economic and environmental goals; are sustainable; and are politically and commercially viable.

Just as in the 1990s, when decision making shifted from capital costs to life-cycle costs, now in the early part of this century, the importance of triple-bottom-line decision making is being recognized and emphasized during all stages of planning.

Managing the future

The ultimate stakeholders in this debate are yet to be born. One thing is certain: coming generations will not take water for granted. Because the future of water is dynamically bound to the present, now is the time for far-sighted leaders to act.

Sustainable planning is no longer an isolated challenge; regional solutions require integrated planning among municipal, industrial and agricultural water users. Proactive watershed management is key to helping a community optimize its water opportunities.

A holistic water review should examine the best combination of solutions for a community – conservation, non-potable reuse, indirect potable reuse, impaired waters from brackish or contaminated waters, desalination or water sharing among adjacent communities. These are not easy decisions – but they must be addressed.

Dan McCarthy
Black & Veatch
http://www.bv.com/

About our author: Dan McCarthy is President and CEO of Black & Veatch’s global water business, with headquarters in Kansas City, Mo.

Pricing your water: Is there a smart way to do it?

“For anything worth having, one must pay the price…..”
John Burrows - an American author, 1837-1921.

Droplet 10: The issue

A recent National Water Commission (NWC) stock take reveals an amazing array of charging regimes for household water use. The stock take of 57 of Australia’s urban supply systems found that

• 25 set a fixed service charge and then add an “inclining block” charging regime on top of this fixed charge that increases the charge per kilolitre (Kl) in a number of steps;
• 4 use an “inclining block” regime without a fixed service charge;
• 1 uses a “declining” block regime; and
• 24 use a “two part” tariff regime that superimposes a volumetric charge on a fixed service charge; and
• 3 apply a service charge only and don’t charge for the amount of water used.

The record for the maximum number of “inclining blocks” goes to Busselton Water with an eight block regime. You pay $0.48/Kl for the first 150 Kl, $0.62 for the next 150 Kl, etc. Over 1,950 Kl per annum, you pay $2.53/Kl. Busselton, however, does not set a fixed service charge. Lower Murray Water is the only water supplier with a seasonal charge. Water is cheaper in winter.

Given the state of our water supply systems, what is the best way to charge for and ration household water use? Have any water suppliers of the 57 supply systems got it right or have they all got it wrong?

Clarification of objectives

Unfortunately, governments tend to use water pricing regimes to achieve equity, environmental, revenue and economic efficiency objectives simultaneously. This approach violates a golden rule in policy development, to avoid conflicts – use a separate instrument to achieve every objective and, once an instrument is assigned to one objective, don’t try to use it to achieve another objective.

Economic efficiency when there’s lots of water

What we pay influences what we do and what we buy. If water is abundant, then the efficient price to set is the long-run marginal cost of supplying one more kilolitre – including management costs, the costs of being the supplier of last resort and providing a return on capital.

The next step in pursuing efficiency is to charge according to the actual costs of delivering water to each suburb in each season. In regions where delivery costs vary significantly, this means that postage stamp pricing arrangements need to be replaced with city or town by town pricing arrangements.

Further, it is also necessary for the cost of upstream environmental and other externalities to be reflected in your water supply bill. To encourage you to manage for downstream externalities, however, these need to be charged separately and in proportion to their extent.

Once built, the cost of maintaining and depreciating all infrastructure becomes part of the long-run marginal cost of water supply. The more supply reliability you want, the more you have to pay per kilolitre. Desalination plants, for example, are expensive and, once built, have to be paid for. Great when there a water shortage but an expensive white elephant if there is lots of water around.

Economic efficiency when water is scarce

When it unexpectedly gets or stays dry, water supplies have to be rationed. There are two ways to ration water use. One way is to introduce water restrictions which impose indirect costs on many people. The other way is to increase the price.

Economic research keeps on pointing to the fact that water users respond to price increases. Pragmatic as ever, Quentin Grafton recommends that the best way to set a scarcity price is to estimate the amount of water in storage every quarter and charge accordingly. As dam storage goes down, the price goes up. To drive home the scarcity message, meters need to be read and bills sent, at least, quarterly. In the USA, many utilities read every meter every month.

As outlined in Droplet 5, another way of achieving the same outcome, is to allow urban water trading. Set the maximum amount of water that an average household can use in a quarter and let those who really want water buy it from those prepared to sell.

In times of scarcity, the water supplier collects more money than is needed to cover costs. Some people think that this money should be returned to users, others think it should be used to finance new infrastructure. Either way, it is quite clear that there is a need to change the way we charge for water.

Equity

Many people think that water, especially non-discretionary water (water used inside houses), should be supplied at an “affordable” price. This is why there is so much interest in inclining block tariff regimes. “Affordable” is code for not having to pay for the full cost of the water delivered. The idea is that the first amount of water you use should be cheap. Those who use lots of “discretionary” water (gardens, pools, etc) should have to pay more for it. The result is a cross-subsidy from large water using households to small water using ones. At first glance, this may seem reasonable.

But when you dig a bit deeper, it becomes clear that inclining block tariff regimes transfer money from disadvantaged households to richer ones which, as a result of the block regime, gain access to cheap water. Concerned that inclining block systems are inequitable, John Quiggin has shown that if you want to help disadvantaged households, it is better to set a uniform charge and then pay rebates to every-one or only to those in need. In short, use separate policy instrument to chase each objective you are interested in. Remember, however, that a typical person uses around 46 kilolitres per year. At current prices, the cost of water used per person is less than the cost of running an old fridge in your garage.

Inclining block tariffs are inequitable also because most of them are implemented on top of a fixed service charge. For the 25 NWC’s water supplier utilities who combine an inclining block tariff with a fixed service charge, the average fixed service charge is $124 per household. If you use of 100 kilolitres per year and are charged $0.50 per kilolitres for this first block of water, the real cost per kilolitre delivered to you is $1.74/ kilolitres. This is not cheap water.

Revenue

The real reason water supply utilities set fixed charges is that this guarantees them a revenue base. These utilities are monopolies but it is hard to argue that they should not be subject to the same pricing disciplines as other businesses. In summary, inclining block tariff systems represent a clumsy attempt to achieve efficiency and equity objectives simultaneously. We believe they should not be used.

Where to from here

With all these arrangements in place and if we leave sewage connection charging arrangements for another day, several guidelines for household water pricing emerge.

1. Send an efficient price signal to everyone by charging them the same for every kilolitre of water they use.
2. Send a scarcity signal to all water users. Read meters and send out a bill quarterly. Expect un-metered apartments to start applying for meters.
3. Inclining block tariff systems should be phased out – they are very inequitable.
4. Fixed water service charges should be phased out – for a monopoly, revenue protection is unnecessary.
5. Only help those in need and use targeted programs to do this. Consider increasing Centrelink and pension payments instead.
6. In times of abundance, supply water at the long run marginal cost of securing an additional unit of water. Plan well but recognise that the cost of building excess supply capacity can be high. Take some risk and use scarcity pricing and/or trading to get out of short-term trouble.
7. In times of scarcity, change the price every quarter according to a formula or use an independent price regulator to do the same thing or give households the option to trade water.
8. Keep water restrictions to a minimum and contemplate using them only after the scarcity price has risen by several orders of magnitude.

Mike Young, The University of Adelaide, Email: Mike.Young@adelaide.edu.au
Jim McColl, CSIRO Land and Water, Email: Jim.McColl@csiro.au

Acknowledgements
Comments made on earlier drafts of this Droplet by Neil Byron, Lin Crase, Graham, Quentin Grafton, Neil Palmer, John Quiggin, John Ringham and our Steering Committee are acknowledged with appreciation.

References
NWC urban water stock take: http://www.nwc.gov.au/nwi/docs/UrbanWaterChargingStocktake_Feb%2021.pdf
John Quiggin on rebates:
http://ceda.com.au/nnx/doc/quiggin_water_ace_200702.pdf
Quentin Grafton on scarcity pricing: http://www.crawford.anu.edu.au/degrees/idec/working_papers/IDEC06-10.pdf

Interview Tips & Techniques #2: Don't Try to Hide Your Employment History

Previously I discussed the importance of education verification. Now let's turn our attention to employment verification.

Most verification companies will stay away from contacting your current employer as not to jeopardize your employment. They will however contact past employers provided on your resume. It is important to note that with the advent of the internet along with verification services data housed through the work number or any other verification line will be returned and entered into the report, providing even more data to the prospective employer. Keeping this in mind, it is important that you provide all of the places where you have been employed, even for just a short time.

You may choose to provide employment dates on your resume that have been exaggerated so as to not show a gap in employment. This will also come to light during the employment verification process. It is important not to have gaps in employment, but employers understand that from time to time this may occur. If it does, it is up to you to be honest and upfront about the reasons why, not to try and hide it. People leave employers for a number of reasons: layoffs occur, company closures, as do family/personal reasons. People also get terminated, though most hope this never happens to them.

When writing your resume, it is important to be upfront and honest. Employers want to know the circumstances surrounding your reasons for leaving. If it is due to termination, let them know; if it is to better your self, let them know. Most employers like to see a steady trend of improvement in your career. If you are no longer employed because the company closed, it's always a good idea to supply the employer with a reference that could verify your position. It is important not to have too many employers showing that you have jumped from job to job. This puts up a red flag to an employer who may think you are not the type of person to stay in one place for too long.

Also, concerns potentially arise if you have been at your same employer in the same position for 15+ years. Employers are looking for people that are motivated to better themselves, and being stuck in one place for a long time does not portray that type of person. When providing information regarding your current or past compensation it is important to provide the correct amount. More and more, employers are requesting a copy of your W-2 to verify that the compensation you have reported is correct.

Now I realize that there are many times that you have sent your resume in for a specific position, knowing full well you are capable of doing the job but never getting an interview. I understand how frustrating it is, but this should not cause you to lie on your resume or exaggerate the truth. It is better to be upfront and honest, then to get hired under false pretenses only to get terminated a short time later because you have misrepresented yourself.

Employment is the most important part of any person. Unless you are a self-made millionaire and do not need to work like the rest of us, you need a job. Your employment history is just as important as your credit report. In order to secure a better position with better income, your past employment needs to show that you are worth the risk. Even if you have had issues in the past, it's never too late to correct them for the future. J ust know that with more and more companies conducting background screens, it's important to provide this potential new employer with an honest look of your background. If anything comes back, that you have omitted or stretched the truth, it may be a red flag to the employer as to your integrity.

With each and every finalist candidate that we present to our clients, we also provide a complete background check. Our background checks are provided by our parent company, BackTrack Inc. All reports provided include employment verification, education verification, social security trace report, motor vehicle report, reference checking and criminal records searches.

Come back often to view more interview tips and techniques that will assist you in your interviewing process.

About our author: Lisa Sprowls is a Filtration Recruiter. She works on many sales, engineering, executive and management level positions serving the search and recruitment needs of both large and small manufacturers and distributors in the Filtration, Water & Wastewater, Separations and Environmental Industries.

To learn more about Recruiter Solutions International, visit http://www.rsipeople.com/filtration or contact Lisa at 800-992-3875 ext. 313.