1. Introduction to MBBR and IFAS Technologies Moving Bed Biofilm Reactors (MBBR) and Integrated Fixed-Film Activated Sludge (IFAS) systems represent a significant evolution in biological wastewater treatment. As regulatory agencies impose increasingly stringent limits on nutrient discharges—specifically Total Nitrogen (TN) and Total Phosphorus (TP)—and as municipal and industrial facilities face limitations on available land for […]