Tag: Hydraulic Constraints

INTRODUCTION One of the most persistent operational headaches in modern wastewater treatment is the management of non-dispersibles—specifically wipes, rags, and plastics. For municipal design engineers and plant superintendents, the failure to effectively manage these solids at the headworks or pump station results in “ragging,” a phenomenon that costs utilities millions annually in deragging labor, reduced […]

Introduction Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection has transitioned from an “alternative” technology to the industry standard for pathogen inactivation in municipal water and wastewater treatment. However, a critical disconnect remains in the engineering community: the assumption that UV systems are static, “plug-and-play” appliances. In reality, an improperly specified UV system can become the plant’s largest energy consumer […]

Introduction Ion exchange (IX) remains one of the most versatile and critical unit processes in water treatment, yet it is frequently the source of significant operational expenditure (OPEX) overruns due to improper specification. Engineers often face a dichotomy: simple softening applications are treated as commodities, leading to premature vessel failure or inefficient salt usage, while […]