Tag: municipal water
Chlorine Disinfection for Water Treatment: Safety and Effectiveness Article Overview Article Type: Informational Primary Goal: Provide municipal water and wastewater engineers and operators a technical, implementation-focused reference on chlorine disinfection that covers how chlorine inactivates pathogens, key performance metrics, design and operational requirements, safety and emergency planning, disinfection by-product management, monitoring strategies, and decision criteria […]
Introduction One of the most persistent debates in municipal water and wastewater treatment plant design centers on the selection of isolation and flow control gates. For decades, engineers have grappled with the choice between traditional heavy-duty cast iron sluice gates and modern fabricated stainless steel slide gates. This decision often crystallizes into a comparison of […]
1. Introduction In the municipal and industrial water and wastewater sectors, gas detection is not merely an ancillary safety function; it is a critical operational imperative mandated by rigorous regulatory frameworks and necessitated by the inherent chemistry of the treatment process. The decomposition of organic matter, chemical dosing requirements, and the physical constraints of underground […]
Introduction In the hydraulic architecture of municipal and industrial water systems, strainers function as the primary defensive barrier for critical downstream assets. While often overshadowed by dynamic components such as pumps and control valves, the strainer is the sentinel that prevents catastrophic failure caused by entrained solids, scale, biofilm, and debris. For consulting engineers, plant […]
Introduction One of the most persistent challenges in municipal water and wastewater design is the “interface gap”—the point where mechanical flow control meets electrical automation. When a critical isolation valve fails to close during a storm event, or a modulating control valve oscillates wildly, creating damaging water hammer, the root cause often lies in a […]
Introduction Ion exchange (IX) remains one of the most versatile and critical unit processes in water treatment, yet it is frequently the source of significant operational expenditure (OPEX) overruns due to improper specification. Engineers often face a dichotomy: simple softening applications are treated as commodities, leading to premature vessel failure or inefficient salt usage, while […]
Introduction In the municipal water and wastewater sector, the butterfly valve is the workhorse of isolation and flow control for large-diameter piping. However, a pervasive issue continues to plague capital improvement projects: the “specification inertia” where engineers copy-paste valve specifications without re-evaluating the current manufacturing landscape. This often leads to suboptimal lifecycle performance, particularly regarding […]
Introduction The vertical turbine pump (VTP) serves as a cornerstone of fluid movement in municipal water and wastewater infrastructure. Unlike horizontal pumps, which require significant floor space and rely on positive suction head often provided by gravity or booster systems, vertical turbine pumps are designed to operate submerged, utilizing the fluid source itself to provide […]
1. Introduction Automation in the municipal water and wastewater sector serves as the central nervous system of critical infrastructure. Unlike discrete manufacturing, where systems function in controlled environments with predictable cycles, water and wastewater automation must contend with geographically dispersed assets, variable biological loading, hydraulic non-linearities, and harsh operating conditions. For consulting engineers, plant managers, […]
Introduction In municipal water distribution and industrial fluid handling, the management of reservoir and tank levels is a critical operational requirement. The altitude valve serves as the primary mechanical safeguard against overflows and the central mechanism for maintaining the hydraulic grade line within a specific pressure zone. These valves are specialized automatic control valves (ACVs) […]