Tag: supply

Introduction Wisconsin’s wastewater infrastructure is defined by a unique combination of high-density urban treatment needs and significant industrial loading from the state’s robust food and paper processing sectors. The state operates under the regulatory oversight of the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR), which enforces some of the strictest phosphorus discharge limits in the United […]

Introduction Virginia’s wastewater infrastructure represents some of the most advanced treatment technology in the United States, driven largely by the stringent nutrient reduction mandates of the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act. With a growing population of over 8.7 million and a geography ranging from the tidal coastal plains to the mountainous Blue Ridge, the state’s engineering […]

1. Introduction Nevada operates within one of the most challenging hydrological environments in the United States. As the nation’s driest state, the engineering focus of Nevada’s wastewater infrastructure is uniquely centered on advanced water reclamation and indirect potable reuse (IPR). Unlike many states where “disposal” is the primary goal, Nevada’s major facilities view effluent as […]

Executive Summary: Arizona is a national leader in water reclamation and reuse. With the Colorado River shortage intensifying, the state is heavily investing in Advanced Water Purification (AWP) for Direct Potable Reuse (DPR). Current active capital projects exceed $1.5 billion, focusing on capacity expansion in the rapid-growth “Sun Corridor” and technological retrofits for aquifer recharge. […]

Introduction One of the most persistent challenges in water and wastewater engineering is the interface between disparate systems. Whether connecting a new ductile iron pipeline to an existing asbestos-cement main, retrofitting a modern submersible pump onto a 30-year-old discharge elbow, or automating manual valves with electric actuators, the success of the project often hinges on […]

Introduction In the complex infrastructure of municipal water and wastewater treatment, the actuation of valves is the muscle behind process control. While electric actuation has gained ground due to advances in network connectivity, pneumatic valve actuators remain a cornerstone of industry reliability, particularly in applications requiring rapid response, high duty cycles, and fail-safe operation. For […]

Introduction Aeration systems represent the single largest energy consumer in biological wastewater treatment, typically accounting for 50% to 75% of a facility’s total electrical demand. For decades, the industry relied on robust but inefficient positive displacement (PD) lobe blowers or uncontrolled multistage centrifugal systems. However, the modern regulatory environment, characterized by strict nutrient limits and […]

1. INTRODUCTION In municipal and industrial water and wastewater treatment facilities, the containment of process basins, channels, and reservoirs is a critical engineering discipline. While historically treated as secondary accessories, cover systems and associated walkways have evolved into essential components for odor control, process stability, safety compliance, and algae mitigation. The shift from heavy concrete […]

Introduction In municipal water and wastewater treatment, valve selection is rarely the most glamorous part of the design process, yet it accounts for a disproportionate amount of maintenance hours and operational frustration. A surprising industry statistic suggests that while valves represent approximately 5% of a plant’s capital cost, they can account for up to 60% […]

Introduction In the hydraulic architecture of municipal and industrial water systems, strainers function as the primary defensive barrier for critical downstream assets. While often overshadowed by dynamic components such as pumps and control valves, the strainer is the sentinel that prevents catastrophic failure caused by entrained solids, scale, biofilm, and debris. For consulting engineers, plant […]