Tag: water treatment
Introduction The substitution request is a familiar scenario for municipal consulting engineers and plant superintendents: a specification calls for a domestic standard, yet a contractor submits an international alternative to reduce capital costs. This creates a critical decision point regarding Crispin Valve vs DHC International for Butterfly Valves: Pros/Cons & Best-Fit Applications. While approximately 70% […]
1. Introduction to Disinfection Systems in Water and Wastewater Treatment Disinfection remains the most critical unit process in the protection of public health within municipal and industrial water cycles. In potable water treatment, disinfection serves as the primary barrier against waterborne pathogens, ensuring the inactivation of bacteria, viruses, and protozoa before distribution. In wastewater treatment, […]
Introduction: The Role of AODD Pumps in Water & Wastewater Infrastructure In the complex hydraulic architecture of municipal and industrial water and wastewater treatment plants, centrifugal pumps often command the most attention due to their volume handling capabilities. However, Air-Operated Double Diaphragm (AODD) pumps serve as the critical auxiliary workhorses that enable the precise handling […]
Introduction In the municipal water and wastewater sector, the butterfly valve is the workhorse of isolation and flow control for large-diameter piping. However, a pervasive issue continues to plague capital improvement projects: the “specification inertia” where engineers copy-paste valve specifications without re-evaluating the current manufacturing landscape. This often leads to suboptimal lifecycle performance, particularly regarding […]
The Modified Ludzack-Ettinger Process: Optimizing Nitrogen Removal Fundamentals of the Modified Ludzack-Ettinger Process When it comes to nitrogen removal, the modified Ludzack-Ettinger process is like that secret ingredient in grandma's famous recipe — you know it makes all the difference, but you just can’t put your finger on why. This process isn’t just a fancy […]
Introduction In the complex hydraulic landscape of municipal and industrial water and wastewater treatment, the peristaltic pump—often referred to as a hose pump or tube pump—occupies a critical niche. Unlike centrifugal pumps that rely on kinetic energy, or other positive displacement pumps that utilize rotors, gears, or pistons, the peristaltic pump operates on the principle […]
Introduction to PLC & Control Platforms in Water & Wastewater In the municipal and industrial water sector, the Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)—often evolving into the Programmable Automation Controller (PAC)—serves as the central nervous system of treatment and distribution infrastructure. Unlike discrete manufacturing, where systems may shut down for retooling, water and wastewater treatment plants (WTPs […]
1. Introduction Biogas systems serve as the critical interface between anaerobic digestion processes and energy recovery or disposal mechanisms in municipal and industrial wastewater treatment facilities. While historically viewed merely as a waste byproduct requiring safe disposal, biogas—comprising primarily methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2)—is now universally recognized as a valuable renewable energy resource. The […]
Introduction to Pressure Relief in Hydraulic Systems In municipal and industrial fluid handling, the difference between a reliable system and a catastrophic failure often rests on a single component: the pressure relief valve. Engineers frequently design pumping stations and transmission mains focusing heavily on pump curves and pipe schedules, yet they often treat surge protection […]
Introduction The escalation of non-dispersible solids in municipal wastewater streams—colloquially known as the “flushable wipes” crisis—has fundamentally altered how consulting engineers and utility directors approach pump station design. A decade ago, 3-inch solids handling capacity was sufficient for most municipal lift stations. Today, the tensile strength of modern synthetic fibers creates roping and matting that […]